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Bildungsroman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [[ˈbɪldʊŋs.ʁoˌmaːn]]{.IPA title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"}; "bildung", meaning "education", and "roman", meaning "novel"; English: "novel of formation, education, culture"; "coming-of-age story")[a][2] is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5]

[Origin]{#Origin .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Karl Morgenstern in his university lectures, and later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimized it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905.[1][6] The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features.[7] The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical.

The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland's Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe's novel into English, and after its publication in 1824, many British authors wrote novels inspired by it.[10][11] In the 20th century, it spread to Germany, Britain,[12] France,[13][14] and several other countries around the globe.[15]

The genre translates fairly directly into the cinematic form, the coming-of-age film.

[Plot outline]{#Plot_outline .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

A Bildungsroman relates the growing up or "coming of age" of a sensitive person who goes in search of answers to life's questions with the expectation that these will result in gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest child going out in the world to seek his fortune.[16] Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on his/her journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty. The genre often features a main conflict between the main character and society. Typically, the values of society are gradually accepted by the protagonist and he/she is ultimately accepted into society—the protagonist's mistakes and disappointments are over. In some works, the protagonist is able to reach out and help others after having achieved maturity.

Franco Moretti "argues that the main conflict in the Bildungsroman is the myth of modernity with its overvaluation of youth and progress as it clashes with the static teleological vision of happiness and reconciliation found in the endings of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister and even Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice".[17]

There are many variations and subgenres of Bildungsroman that focus on the growth of an individual. An Entwicklungsroman ("development novel") is a story of general growth rather than self-cultivation. An Erziehungsroman ("education novel") focuses on training and formal schooling,[18] while a Künstlerroman ("artist novel") is about the development of an artist and shows a growth of the self.[19] Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as Bildungsroman although being predominantly factual (e.g. "The Dharma Bums" by Jack Kerouac or The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto "Che" Guevara).[20] The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres.

[Examples]{#Examples .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[Precursors]{#Precursors .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[17th century]{#17th_century .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[18th century]{#18th_century .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[19th century]{#19th_century .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[20th century]{#20th_century .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[21st century]{#21st_century .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[See also]{#See_also .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[Notes]{#Notes .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

  1. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Engel explains that the term has in recent years been applied to very different novels but originally meant a novel of formation of a character, of an individual personality in interaction (including conflict) with society. He also points out that it was, like the "novel of education" (Erziehungsroman), a subgenre of the "novel of development" (Entwicklungsroman).[1]]{.reference-text}
  2. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Back of the French translation in the "Folio" collection (éditions Gallimard, 2010): "[...] Avec ce roman d'apprentissage, Philip Roth poursuit son analyse de l'histoire de l'Amérique – celle des années cinquante, des tabous et des frustrations sexuelles – et de son impact sur la vie d'un homme jeune, isolé, vulnérable." ]{.reference-text}

[References]{#References .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

  1. [^ [^***a***^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2008263–266_1-0) [^***b***^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2008263–266_1-1)]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Engel 2008, pp. 263–266.]{.reference-text}
  2. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["Bildungsroman: German literary genre". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 April 2013.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bildungsroman%3A+German+literary+genre&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F65244%2Fbildungsroman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  3. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Lynch 1999.]{.reference-text}
  4. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Bakhtin 1996, p. 21.]{.reference-text}
  5. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Jeffers 2005, p. 2.]{.reference-text}
  6. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Summerfield 2010, p. 1.]{.reference-text}
  7. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Iversen, Annikin Teines (2010). "Change and Continuity; The Bildungsroman in English". University of Tromsø: Munin open research archive.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Change+and+Continuity%3B+The+Bildungsroman+in+English&rft.place=University+of+Troms%C3%B8&rft.pub=Munin+open+research+archive&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Iversen&rft.aufirst=Annikin+Teines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10037%2F2486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  8. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Jeffers 2005, p. 49.]{.reference-text}
  9. [^ [^***a***^](#cite_ref-Swales,_Martin_1978_10-0) [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Swales,_Martin_1978_10-1)]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Swales, Martin. The German Bildungsroman from Wieland to Hesse. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. 38.]{.reference-text}
  10. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Buckley, J. H. (1974) Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding, Harvard Univ Pr. ISBN 978-0-67479-640-9]{.reference-text}
  11. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Ellis, L. (1999) Appearing to Diminish: Female Development and the British Bildungsroman, 1750–1850, Bucknell University Press, London ISBN 978-0-83875-411-5]{.reference-text}
  12. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Stein, M., "The Black British Bildungsroman and the Transformation of Britain: Connectedness across Difference" in Barbara Korte, Klaus Peter Müller, editors (1998) Unity in Diversity Revisited?: British Literature and Culture in the 1990s, pp. 89–105, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen ISBN 382-3-35192-3]{.reference-text}
  13. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Franco Moretti, Albert Sbragia (1987) The Way of the World : the Bildungsroman in European Culture, Verso, London ISBN 978-0-86091-159-3]{.reference-text}
  14. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Marianne Hirsch, "The Novel of Formation as Genre: Between Great Expectations and Lost Illusions" Archived 2014-12-11 at the Wayback Machine., Genre Vol. 12 (Fall 1979) pp. 293–311, University of Oklahoma]{.reference-text}
  15. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Slaughter, J. R. (2006) "Novel Subjects and Enabling Fictions: the Formal Articulation of International Human Rights Law", Human Rights, Inc.: The World Novel, Narrative Form, and International Law, Ch. 2 (2007) Fordham University Press, New York ISBN 978-0-82322-817-1; doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823228171.001.0001]{.reference-text}
  16. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["Franco Moretti et John Neubauer , historiens de la littérature, ont tous deux insisté sur le rôle fondamental qu’a joué le roman, depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale, dans la construction des âges de la vie, de l’adolescence et la jeunesse. Si, avant cette période, les jeunes sont les laissés-pour-compte de la littérature romanesque, cette entrée tardive est compensée par la place centrale qu’ils occupent dans le roman de formation. Vers la fin du XIXe siècle, quand ce genre entre en crise, les jeunes sont remplacés par les adolescents, nouveaux protagonistes des œuvres de fiction. Après les écrits de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, le roman de formation, ou Bildungsroman, dont l’apogée se situe entre Les années d’apprentissage de Wilhelm Meister de Goethe (1795-1796) et l’Éducation sentimentale de Flaubert (1869), invente la figure littéraire du jeune homme voyageur. C’est à partir donc de cette période qu’il faudra retrouver certains traits des voyages fictionnels, que j’appelle matrices , qui hantent encore notre imaginaire, et que l’on retrouve dans les séjours Erasmus contemporains" (Cicchelli Vincenzo, « Les legs du voyage de formation à la Bildung cosmopolite », Le Télémaque, 2010/2 (n° 38), p. 57-70. DOI : 10.3917/tele.038.0057. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-telemaque-2010-2-page-57.htm).]{.reference-text}
  17. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Carol Lazzaro-Weis, The Female "Bildungsroman": Calling It into Question, NWSA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter, 1990), pp. 16-34.]{.reference-text}
  18. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [David H. Malone, Faculty Development, or Faculty Life as a "Bildungsroman", Profession (1979), pp. 46-50.]{.reference-text}
  19. [^ [^***a***^](#cite_ref-Werlock2010p387_20-0) [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Werlock2010p387_20-1)]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Werlock, James P. (2010). The Facts on File companion to the American short story. 2. p. 387.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+companion+to+the+American+short+story&rft.pages=387&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Werlock%2C+James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWuyTK_0eBsC%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  20. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["The Motorcycle Diaries by Che Guevara–HSC English Discovery", Real Teacher Tutors. Retrieved 12 July 2016.]{.reference-text}
  21. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Joy Palmer; Liora Bresler; David Edward Cooper, eds. (2001). Fifty major thinkers on education: from Confucius to Dewey. Routledge Key Guides. p. 34. ISBN 0-415-23126-4.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+major+thinkers+on+education%3A+from+Confucius+to+Dewey&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge+Key+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-23126-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  22. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["El lazarillo de Tormes" [(PDF)]{.cs1-format} (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). 2004. p. 1[. Retrieved [24 November]{.nowrap} 2013]{.reference-accessdate}.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+lazarillo+de+Tormes&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n%2C+Cultura+y+Deporte+%28Spain%29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educacion.gob.es%2Fexterior%2Fcentros%2Fburdeos%2Fes%2Fmaterialesclase%2Flazarillotormes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  23. [^ [^***a***^](#cite_ref-McWilliams2009p14_24-0) [^***b***^](#cite_ref-McWilliams2009p14_24-1)]{.mw-cite-backlink} [McWilliams, Ellen (2009). Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman. Ashgate Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7546-6027-9. “The two early English Bildungsromane already mentioned, Tom Jones and The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, are examples of coming-of-age narratives that predate the generic expectations of the German tradition.”[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Atwood+and+the+Female+Bildungsroman&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6027-9&rft.aulast=McWilliams&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2GuhQCODeMC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
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  39. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [McGregor, Gaile (1987). "The Technomyth in Transition: Reading American Popular Culture". Journal of American Studies: 387–409. doi:10.1017/S0021875800022891.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Technomyth+in+Transition%3A+Reading+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875800022891&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Gaile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~DRBR%2Ft_echmyth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  40. [^ [^***a***^](#cite_ref-Kinchen2006_41-0) [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Kinchen2006_41-1)]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Melanie Kinchen; et al. (13 July 2006). "Bildungsroman Novels for Young Adults".[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bildungsroman+Novels+for+Young+Adults&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.au=Melanie+Kinchen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjpullia%2F3223bildungsroman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  41. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["Ursula LeGuin's Magical World of Earthsea". Assembly on Literature for Adolescents, National Council of Teachers of English[. Retrieved [10 June]{.nowrap} 2013]{.reference-accessdate}.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ursula+LeGuin%27s+Magical+World+of+Earthsea&rft.pub=Assembly+on+Literature+for+Adolescents%2C+National+Council+of+Teachers+of+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.lib.vt.edu%2Fejournals%2FALAN%2Fspring96%2Fgriffin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  42. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Gene Wolf. "The Book of the New Sun".[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+New+Sun&rft.au=Gene+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Book_of_the_New_Sun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  43. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Jay McInerney. "The Good Life". transcript of podcast.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transcript+of+podcast&rft.atitle=The+Good+Life&rft.au=Jay+McInerney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Fkvpa%2Fmcinerney%2Fintroduction_to_the_good_life_and_jays_tour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  44. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context". Sparknotes. 27 August 1959. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011[. Retrieved [21 April]{.nowrap} 2011]{.reference-accessdate}.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oranges+Are+Not+the+Only+Fruit%3A+Context&rft.pub=Sparknotes&rft.date=1959-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2Foranges%2Fcontext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  45. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Rosenberg, Alyssa (30 July 2010). "Norwegian Wood: On Having a Girl, and Losing Her". The Atlantic Monthly.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Norwegian+Wood%3A+On+Having+a+Girl%2C+and+Losing+Her&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2010%2F07%2Fnorwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her%2F60340%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  46. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Lewis, Barry (2007). My Words Echo Thus: Possessing the Past in Peter Ackroyd. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1570036683.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Words+Echo+Thus%3A+Possessing+the+Past+in+Peter+Ackroyd&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1570036683&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRWtSWDXBn8C%26pg%3DPA66%26lpg%3DPA66%26dq%3D%2522english%2Bmusic%2522%2Backroyd%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DzH19JErc-S%26sig%3Dpleb503Dw6r78VC6uxQvCVhB9-o%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DnIOzUcniOaSt0QWa9IGYCQ%26ved%3D0CEQQ6AEwAzgU%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522english%2520music%2522%2520ackroyd%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  47. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Marty Beckerman. "An Interview with Stephen Chbosky". Word Riot. Word Riot. Archived from the original on 2005-01-13[. Retrieved [27 May]{.nowrap} 2012]{.reference-accessdate}.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+Riot&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Stephen+Chbosky&rft.au=Marty+Beckerman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordriot.org%2Ftemplate.php%3FID%3D552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  48. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Tara Ann Carter (6 October 2013). "Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre" [(PDF)]{.cs1-format}. John Bartram High School.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Bartram+High+School&rft.atitle=Reading+Persepolis%3A+Defining+and+Redefining+Culture%2C+Gender+and+Genre&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.au=Tara+Ann+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tip.sas.upenn.edu%2Fcurriculum%2Funits%2F2011%2F04%2F11.04.02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
  49. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} ["Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis". Archived from the original on 3 May 2011[. Retrieved [21 April]{.nowrap} 2011]{.reference-accessdate}.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Life+of+Bees-Character+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2Fsecretbees%2Fcanalysis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
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  52. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Mcinerney, Jay (28 August 2005). "Indecision: Getting It Together". The New York Times.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indecision%3A+Getting+It+Together&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.aulast=Mcinerney&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F28MCINER.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}
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  54. [^]{.mw-cite-backlink} [Sholes, Lucy (18 August 2018). "Washington Black is a slave story told with a fresh sense of urgency". The National.[]{.Z3988 title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Washington+Black+is+a+slave+story+told+with+a+fresh+sense+of+urgency&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft.aulast=Sholes&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Farts-culture%2Fbooks%2Fbook-review-washington-black-is-a-slave-story-told-with-a-fresh-sense-of-urgency-1.761087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABildungsroman"}]{.reference-text}

[Bibliography]{#Bibliography .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

[Further reading]{#Further_reading .mw-headline}[[[]{.mw-editsection-bracket}edit[]]{.mw-editsection-bracket}]

Look up bildungsroman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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