cognitive or physical activities, short or long duration: you have to hold your finger in the flame. You have to resist your impulse to pull it away, [resist] whatever your first impulse is. enjoy hurtingâthey donât enjoy extreme pain, but you hear people talk about pain [positively,] âI felt alive during that moment. It was hard, but I felt alive.â an undersold part of that equation is [that elite runners] they have trained themselves to deal with pain.
theyâve also learned to go into that zone of discomfort and learn the difference between a warning sign, and a stop sign. Theyâve learned that if youâre breathing hard, or if your legs are feeling heavy, that doesnât mean, âYouâre out of oxygen, youâre about to die.â It just means this isnât sustainable indefinitely, but you can ignore it. The great athletes learn to tolerate. They donât necessarily feel pain differently than the rest of us, but they frame it differently. Itâs information. And as a result, they can stay in that pain for longer.
So, itâs not just within a sportâtheir generalized pain tolerance increases. It increases specifically in proportion to how much they suffer in training. The leading theory behind the mechanism is that itâs basically psychological coping mechanisms. You learn to reframe the pain or distract yourself. Itâs just familiarity with discomfort.
Malcolm Gladwell, known for his deep inquiries into how science impacts our day-to-day lives, recently sat down with Alex Hutchinson, a former physicist and world-class runner whose book, Endure: Mind, Body, and the Curiously Elastic Limits of Human Performance, reveals the secrets of reaching the hidden extra potential within us all. This article is a condensed version of the interview, which was produced by the Next Big Idea Club.
Gladwell:Â When youâre reading this book, one of the unexpected things I learned was that we probably spend too much time differentiating among endurance tasks, as opposed to wondering what they all have in common.
Hutchinson:Â You can look at a spectrum of different activities, cognitive or physical activities, short or long duration. Fundamentally, what a lot of endurance activities have in common is that you have to hold your finger in the flame. You have to resist your impulse to pull it away, [resist] whatever your first impulse is. That is a unifying theme that brings together great athletes and great performers in business and other contexts.
Gladwell:Â I thought of that when I was listening to the Lance Armstrong podcast, Forward. He had on a number of his former riding mates and they were all reminiscing about what it was like to be on the Tour de France. They started talking about these brutal climbs, when the weather was freezing, and theyâre on the bike for a ridiculous number of hours climbing some massive mountain.
There were several things that were fascinating. The first fascinating thing was how much they clearly enjoyed not just the memory, but they enjoyed the experience of suffering in that way. And then they segued in this wonderful conversation [to their] children and their great anxiety as a parent, [which] is that they didnât know whether they would be able to instruct their children in the joys of suffering. This is what youâre getting [at,] right? That thereâs something quite unique about the mindset of these endurance heroes.
Hutchinson:Â We look for all the secrets [behind] the ways great athletes become great. On some level, they enjoy hurtingâthey donât enjoy extreme pain, but you hear people talk about pain [positively,] âI felt alive during that moment. It was hard, but I felt alive.â I would bet that someday weâll be able to identify that some people are wired to enjoy pain a little bit.
It can be a glorious thing to be uncomfortable. As a kid, initially, I loved the idea that you could stop running. It was only over time that I learned to acquire a taste for it.
Gladwell:Â Before I read your book, my first assumption would be the difference between a truly elite endurance performer of any kind and me is that they can achieve at levels without pain that I canât. In other words, if I compare myself to the greatest distance runner in the world, theyâre so fit that they can run near a world record time and not actually suffer the way I suffer. But what youâre saying is differentâthat not only are they better physiologically, but they also suffer [and] are fine with it.
Hutchinson:Â This one of the great debates, right? Say Haile Gebrselassie ran a marathon in two hours and Joe Schmo ran a marathon in four hours. It doesnât that mean Joe Schmo is twice as tough as Haile Gebrselassie because he was out there for twice as long pushing his limits. Thereâs no doubt that the greatest athletes have physical abilities that allow them to do things with ease that the rest of us canât. But an undersold part of that equation is [that] they have trained themselves to deal with pain.
Anyone who has trained for a sport for a long period of time ends up understanding that, yes, their body has gotten bigger, stronger, and tougher. But theyâve also learned to go into that zone of discomfort and learn the difference between a warning sign, and a stop sign. Theyâve learned that if youâre breathing hard, or if your legs are feeling heavy, that doesnât mean, âYouâre out of oxygen, youâre about to die.â It just means this isnât sustainable indefinitely, but you can ignore it. The great athletes learn to tolerate. They donât necessarily feel pain differently than the rest of us, but they frame it differently. Itâs information. And as a result, they can stay in that pain for longer.
Gladwell:Â How good of an understanding do we have of that process? Youâve suggested that some part of it might be a learned adaptation. Iâm assuming some part of that might also be just a straight up innate difference. Can we say with confidence that the act of continuously testing the outer limits of your thresholds can raise your threshold for pain?
Hutchinson:Â Thereâs a study that goes back to the early 80s with elite swimmers in Scotland, where they tested pain sensitivity. It [was] actually pretty brutal. [The researchers] put a blood pressure cuff around [the swimmersâ] arms and [they] had to squeeze a contraction every second until [they] couldnât take it anymore. It gets very painful.
[The researchers] found that
pain tolerance ebbed and flowed with the competitive season.
Not only were the [swimmers] able to swim better in the middle of their competitive season, they were able to tolerate more pain when they were preparing for a big race. The lowest pain tolerance was after their off season. So even within elite athletes, it rises and falls.
More recently, there [have] been some studies [that] show that if you take people and train them physically, theyâre tolerant to other kinds of pain [as well.] So, itâs not just within a sportâtheir generalized pain tolerance increases. It increases specifically in proportion to how much they suffer in training. The leading theory behind the mechanism is that itâs basically psychological coping mechanisms. You learn to reframe the pain or distract yourself. Itâs just familiarity with discomfort.
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